Tunnel magnetoresistive sensor with adjacent gap having chromium alloy seed layer and refractory material layer

ABSTRACT

In one general approach, an apparatus includes a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. At least one of the gaps includes a seed layer of a chromium alloy and an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material formed on the seed layer. The seed layer in this configuration is more resistant to corrosion than elemental chromium when used in a magnetic recording head and/or in a structure exposed to even trace amounts of fluorine.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to data storage systems, and more particularly, this invention relates to tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors implemented in contact recording.

In magnetic storage systems, magnetic transducers read data from and write data onto magnetic recording media. Data is written on the magnetic recording media by moving a magnetic recording transducer to a position over the media where the data is to be stored. The magnetic recording transducer then generates a magnetic field, which encodes the data into the magnetic media. Data is read from the media by similarly positioning the magnetic read transducer and then sensing the magnetic field of the magnetic media. Read and write operations may be independently synchronized with the movement of the media to ensure that the data can be read from and written to the desired location on the media.

An important and continuing goal in the data storage industry is that of increasing the density of data stored on a medium. For tape storage systems, that goal has led to increasing the track and linear bit density on recording tape, and decreasing the thickness of the magnetic tape medium. However, the development of small footprint, higher performance tape drive systems has created various problems in the design of a tape head assembly for use in such systems.

In a tape drive system, the drive moves the magnetic tape over the surface of the tape head at high speed. Usually the tape head is designed to minimize the spacing between the head and the tape. The spacing between the magnetic head and the magnetic tape is crucial and so goals in these systems are to have the recording gaps of the transducers, which are the source of the magnetic recording flux in near contact with the tape to effect writing sharp transitions, and to have the read elements in near contact with the tape to provide effective coupling of the magnetic field from the tape to the read elements.

Minimization of the spacing between the head and the tape, however, induces frequent contact between the tape and the media facing side of the head, causing tape operations to be deemed a type of “contact recording.” This contact, in view of the high tape speeds and tape abrasivity, quickly affects the integrity of the materials used to form the media facing surface of the head, e.g., causing wear thereto, smearing which is known to cause shorts, etc.

Moreover, TMR transducer failure in multi-channel tape drives having trace amounts of fluorine on the tape bearing surface has recently been observed. While the source of fluorine is not currently known, it is suspected to be a residual artifact from tape head manufacturing and/or possibly appears post manufacturing.

Specifically, drives having iridium conductive spaces appear to be prone to such failure. The inventors have found that drives may fail after running tape for many hours. The problem is due to specific tracks developing high resistance and low output. Drives that fail are not recovered by cleaning. This problem is very serious and will affect future products.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The TMR transducers disclosed herein are configured to resist the effects of fluorine contamination, which may be difficult, and likely impossible, to remediate. The modification is process compatible with current TMR transducers. There is no other known solution.

An apparatus, according to one approach, includes a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. At least one of the gaps includes a seed layer of a chromium alloy and an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material formed on the seed layer. The seed layer in this configuration is more resistant to corrosion than elemental chromium when used in a magnetic recording head and/or in a structure exposed to even trace amounts of fluorine.

An apparatus, according to another approach, includes a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. At least one of the gaps includes a seed layer comprising a refractory material and an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material formed on the seed layer. The seed layer in this configuration is also resistant to corrosion when used in a magnetic recording head and/or in a structure exposed to even trace amounts of fluorine.

A method, according to one approach, includes forming a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. Forming at least one of the gaps includes: forming a seed layer of a chromium alloy, and forming an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material on the seed layer. The resulting structure exhibits the aforementioned resistance to corrosion.

Any of these approaches and embodiments may be implemented in a magnetic data storage system such as a tape drive system, which may include a magnetic head, a drive mechanism for passing a magnetic medium (e.g., recording tape) over the magnetic head, and a controller electrically coupled to the magnetic head.

Other aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a simplified tape drive system according to one approach.

FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a tape cartridge according to one approach.

FIG. 2A illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped, bi-directional, two-module magnetic tape head according to one approach.

FIG. 2B is a tape bearing surface view taken from Line 2B of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2C is a detailed view taken from Circle 2C of FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2D is a detailed view of a partial tape bearing surface of a pair of modules.

FIG. 3 is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head having a write-read-write configuration.

FIG. 4 is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head having a read-write-read configuration.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules according to one approach where the modules all generally lie along about parallel planes.

FIG. 6 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in a tangent (angled) configuration.

FIG. 7 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in an overwrap configuration.

FIGS. 8A-8C are schematics depicting the principles of tape tenting.

FIG. 9 is a representational diagram of files and indexes stored on a magnetic tape according to one approach.

FIG. 10A is a partial media facing side view of a sensor stack, according to one approach.

FIG. 10B is a partial cross-sectional view taken from Line 10B-10B of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11 is a partial side view of a sensor stack, according to one approach.

FIG. 12 is a partial side view of a sensor stack, according to one approach.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular features described herein can be used in combination with other described features in each of the various possible combinations and permutations.

Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries, treatises, etc.

It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless otherwise specified.

The following description discloses several configurations of magnetic storage systems, as well as operation and/or component parts thereof. The TMR transducers disclosed herein are configured to resist the effects of fluorine contamination, which may be difficult, and likely impossible, to remediate. The modification is process compatible with current TMR transducers. There is no other known solution to address the problem of fluorine contamination.

In one general approach, an apparatus includes a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. At least one of the gaps includes a seed layer of a chromium alloy and an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material formed on the seed layer. The seed layer in this configuration is more resistant to corrosion than elemental chromium when used in a magnetic recording head and/or in a structure exposed to even trace amounts of fluorine.

In another general approach, an apparatus includes a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. At least one of the gaps includes a seed layer comprising a refractory material and an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material formed on the seed layer. The seed layer in this configuration is also resistant to corrosion when used in a magnetic recording head and/or in a structure exposed to even trace amounts of fluorine.

In yet another general approach, a method includes forming a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. Forming at least one of the gaps includes: forming a seed layer of a chromium alloy, and forming an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material on the seed layer. The resulting structure exhibits the aforementioned resistance to corrosion.

FIG. 1A illustrates a simplified tape drive 100 of a tape-based data storage system, which may be employed in the context of the present invention. While one specific implementation of a tape drive is shown in FIG. 1A, it should be noted that the approaches described herein may be implemented in the context of any type of tape drive system.

As shown, a tape supply cartridge 120 and a take-up reel 121 are provided to support a tape 122. One or more of the reels may form part of a removable cartridge and are not necessarily part of the tape drive 100. The tape drive, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1A, may further include drive motor(s) to drive the tape supply cartridge 120 and the take-up reel 121 to move the tape 122 over a tape head 126 of any type. Such head may include an array of readers, writers, or both.

Guides 125 guide the tape 122 across the tape head 126. Such tape head 126 is in turn coupled to a controller 128 via a cable 130. The controller 128, may be or include a processor and/or any logic for controlling any subsystem of the drive 100. For example, the controller 128 typically controls head functions such as servo following, data writing, data reading, etc. The controller 128 may include at least one servo channel and at least one data channel, each of which include data flow processing logic configured to process and/or store information to be written to and/or read from the tape 122. The controller 128 may operate under logic known in the art, as well as any logic disclosed herein, and thus may be considered as a processor for any of the descriptions of tape drives included herein, in various approaches. The controller 128 may be coupled to a memory 136 of any known type, which may store instructions executable by the controller 128. Moreover, the controller 128 may be configured and/or programmable to perform or control some or all of the methodology presented herein. Thus, the controller 128 may be considered to be configured to perform various operations by way of logic programmed into one or more chips, modules, and/or blocks; software, firmware, and/or other instructions being available to one or more processors; etc., and combinations thereof.

The cable 130 may include read/write circuits to transmit data to the tape head 126 to be recorded on the tape 122 and to receive data read by the tape head 126 from the tape 122. An actuator 132 controls position of the tape head 126 relative to the tape 122.

An interface 134 may also be provided for communication between the tape drive 100 and a host (internal or external) to send and receive the data and for controlling the operation of the tape drive 100 and communicating the status of the tape drive 100 to the host, all as will be understood by those of skill in the art.

FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary tape cartridge 150 according to one approach. Such tape cartridge 150 may be used with a system such as that shown in FIG. 1A. As shown, the tape cartridge 150 includes a housing 152, a tape 122 in the housing 152, and a nonvolatile memory 156 coupled to the housing 152. In some approaches, the nonvolatile memory 156 may be embedded inside the housing 152, as shown in FIG. 1B. In more approaches, the nonvolatile memory 156 may be attached to the inside or outside of the housing 152 without modification of the housing 152. For example, the nonvolatile memory may be embedded in a self-adhesive label 154. In one preferred approach, the nonvolatile memory 156 may be a Flash memory device, read-only memory (ROM) device, etc., embedded into or coupled to the inside or outside of the tape cartridge 150. The nonvolatile memory is accessible by the tape drive and the tape operating software (the driver software), and/or another device.

By way of example, FIG. 2A illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped, bi-directional, two-module magnetic tape head 200 which may be implemented in the context of the present invention. As shown, the head includes a pair of bases 202, each equipped with a module 204, and fixed at a small angle α with respect to each other. The bases may be “U-beams” that are adhesively coupled together. Each module 204 includes a substrate 204A and a closure 204B with a thin film portion, commonly referred to as a “gap” in which the readers and/or writers 206 are formed. In use, a tape 208 is moved over the modules 204 along a media (tape) bearing surface 209 in the manner shown for reading and writing data on the tape 208 using the readers and writers. The wrap angle θ of the tape 208 at edges going onto and exiting the flat media support surfaces 209 are usually between about 0.1 degree and about 3 degrees.

The substrates 204A are typically constructed of a wear resistant material, such as a ceramic. The closures 204B may be made of the same or similar ceramic as the substrates 204A.

The readers and writers may be arranged in a piggyback or merged configuration. An illustrative piggybacked configuration comprises a (magnetically inductive) writer transducer on top of (or below) a (magnetically shielded) reader transducer (e.g., a magnetoresistive reader, etc.), wherein the poles of the writer and the shields of the reader are generally separated. An illustrative merged configuration comprises one reader shield in the same physical layer as one writer pole (hence, “merged”). The readers and writers may also be arranged in an interleaved configuration. Alternatively, each array of channels may be readers or writers only. Any of these arrays may contain one or more servo track readers for reading servo data on the medium.

FIG. 2B illustrates the tape bearing surface 209 of one of the modules 204 taken from Line 2B of FIG. 2A. A representative tape 208 is shown in dashed lines. The module 204 is preferably long enough to be able to support the tape as the head steps between data bands.

In this example, the tape 208 includes 4 to 32 data bands, e.g., with 16 data bands and 17 servo tracks 210, as shown in FIG. 2B on a one-half inch wide tape 208. The data bands are defined between servo tracks 210. Each data band may include a number of data tracks, for example 1024 data tracks (not shown). During read/write operations, the readers and/or writers 206 are positioned to specific track positions within one of the data bands. Outer readers, sometimes called servo readers, read the servo tracks 210. The servo signals are in turn used to keep the readers and/or writers 206 aligned with a particular set of tracks during the read/write operations.

FIG. 2C depicts a plurality of readers and/or writers 206 formed in a gap 218 on the module 204 in Circle 2C of FIG. 2B. As shown, the array of readers and writers 206 includes, for example, 16 writers 214, 16 readers 216 and two servo readers 212, though the number of elements may vary. Illustrative approaches include 8, 16, 32, 40, and 64 active readers and/or writers 206 per array, and alternatively interleaved designs having odd numbers of reader or writers such as 17, 25, 33, etc. An illustrative approach includes 32 readers per array and/or 32 writers per array, where the actual number of transducer elements could be greater, e.g., 33, 34, etc. This allows the tape to travel more slowly, thereby reducing speed-induced tracking and mechanical difficulties and/or execute fewer “wraps” to fill or read the tape. While the readers and writers may be arranged in a piggyback configuration as shown in FIG. 2C, the readers 216 and writers 214 may also be arranged in an interleaved configuration. Alternatively, each array of readers and/or writers 206 may be readers or writers only, and the arrays may contain one or more servo readers 212. As noted by considering FIGS. 2A and 2B-2C together, each module 204 may include a complementary set of readers and/or writers 206 for such things as bi-directional reading and writing, read-while-write capability, backward compatibility, etc.

FIG. 2D shows a partial tape bearing surface view of complementary modules of a magnetic tape head 200 according to one approach. In this approach, each module has a plurality of read/write (R/W) pairs in a piggyback configuration formed on a common substrate 204A and an optional electrically insulative insulating layer 236. The writers 214 and the readers 216 are aligned parallel to an intended direction of travel of a tape medium thereacross to form an R/W pair, exemplified by R/W pairs 222. Note that the intended direction of tape travel is sometimes referred to herein as the direction of tape travel, and such terms may be used interchangeably. Such direction of tape travel may be inferred from the design of the system, e.g., by examining the guides; observing the actual direction of tape travel relative to the reference point; etc. Moreover, in a system operable for bi-direction reading and/or writing, the direction of tape travel in both directions is typically parallel and thus both directions may be considered equivalent to each other.

Several R/W pairs 222 may be present, such as 8, 16, 32 pairs, etc. The R/W pairs 222 as shown are linearly aligned in a direction generally perpendicular to a direction of tape travel thereacross. However, the pairs may also be aligned diagonally, etc. Servo readers 212 are positioned on the outside of the array of R/W pairs, the function of which is well known.

Generally, the magnetic tape medium moves in either a forward or reverse direction as indicated by arrow 220. The magnetic tape medium and head assembly 200 operate in a transducing relationship in the manner well-known in the art. The head assembly 200 includes two thin-film modules 224 and 226 of generally identical construction.

Modules 224 and 226 are joined together with a space present between closures 204B thereof (partially shown) to form a single physical unit to provide read-while-write capability by activating the writer of the leading module and reader of the trailing module aligned with the writer of the leading module parallel to the direction of tape travel relative thereto. When a module 224, 226 of a magnetic tape head 200 is constructed, layers are formed in the gap 218 created above an electrically conductive substrate 204A (partially shown), e.g., of AlTiC, in generally the following order for the R/W pairs 222: an insulating layer 236, a first shield 232 typically of an iron alloy such as NiFe (—), cobalt zirconium tantalum (CZT) or Al—Fe—Si (Sendust), a sensor 234 for sensing a data track on a magnetic medium, a second shield 238 typically of a nickel-iron alloy (e.g., ˜80/20 at % NiFe, also known as permalloy), first and second writer poles 228, 230, and a coil (not shown). The sensor may be of any known type, including those based on magnetoresistive (MR), GMR, AMR, tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), etc.

The first and second writer poles 228, 230 may be fabricated from high magnetic moment materials such as ˜45/55 NiFe. Note that these materials are provided by way of example only, and other materials may be used. Additional layers such as insulation between the shields and/or pole tips and an insulation layer surrounding the sensor may be present. Illustrative materials for the insulation include alumina and other oxides, insulative polymers, etc.

The configuration of the tape head 126 according to one approach includes multiple modules, preferably three or more. In a write-read-write (W-R-W) head, outer modules for writing flank one or more inner modules for reading. Referring to FIG. 3, depicting a W-R-W configuration, the outer modules 252, 256 each include one or more arrays of writers 260. The inner module 254 of FIG. 3 includes one or more arrays of readers 258 in a similar configuration. Variations of a multi-module head include a R-W-R head (FIG. 4), a R-R-W head, a W-W-R head, etc. In yet other variations, one or more of the modules may have read/write pairs of transducers. Moreover, more than three modules may be present. In further approaches, two outer modules may flank two or more inner modules, e.g., in a W-R-R-W, a R-W-W-R arrangement, etc. For simplicity, a W-R-W head is used primarily herein to exemplify aspects of the present invention. One skilled in the art apprised with the teachings herein will appreciate how permutations of the present invention would apply to configurations other than a W-R-W configuration.

FIG. 5 illustrates a magnetic head 126 according to one approach of the present invention that includes first, second and third modules 302, 304, 306 each having a tape bearing surface 308, 310, 312 respectively, which may be flat, contoured, etc. Note that while the term “tape bearing surface” appears to imply that the surface facing the tape 315 is in physical contact with the tape bearing surface, this is not necessarily the case. Rather, only a portion of the tape may be in contact with the tape bearing surface, constantly or intermittently, with other portions of the tape riding (or “flying”) above the tape bearing surface on a layer of air, sometimes referred to as an “air bearing”. The first module 302 will be referred to as the “leading” module as it is the first module encountered by the tape in a three module design for tape moving in the indicated direction. The third module 306 will be referred to as the “trailing” module. The trailing module follows the middle module and is the last module seen by the tape in a three module design. The leading and trailing modules 302, 306 are referred to collectively as outer modules. Also note that the outer modules 302, 306 will alternate as leading modules, depending on the direction of travel of the tape 315.

In one approach, the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310, 312 of the first, second and third modules 302, 304, 306 lie on about parallel planes (which is meant to include parallel and nearly parallel planes, e.g., between parallel and tangential as in FIG. 6), and the tape bearing surface 310 of the second module 304 is above the tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the first and third modules 302, 306. As described below, this has the effect of creating the desired wrap angle α₂ of the tape relative to the tape bearing surface 310 of the second module 304.

Where the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310, 312 lie along parallel or nearly parallel yet offset planes, intuitively, the tape should peel off of the tape bearing surface 308 of the leading module 302. However, the vacuum created by a skiving edge 318 of the leading module 302 has been found by experimentation to be sufficient to keep the tape adhered to the tape bearing surface 308 of the leading module 302. A trailing edge 320 of the leading module 302 (the end from which the tape leaves the leading module 302) is the approximate reference point which defines the wrap angle α₂ over the tape bearing surface 310 of the second module 304. The tape stays in close proximity to the tape bearing surface until close to the trailing edge 320 of the leading module 302. Accordingly, transducers 322 may be located near the trailing edges of the outer modules 302, 306. These approaches are particularly adapted for write-read-write applications.

A benefit of this and other approaches described herein is that, because the outer modules 302, 306 are fixed at a determined offset from the second module 304, the inner wrap angle α₂ is fixed when the modules 302, 304, 306 are coupled together or are otherwise fixed into a head. The inner wrap angle α₂ is approximately tan⁻¹(δ/W) where δ is the height difference between the planes of the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310 and W is the width between the opposing ends of the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310. An illustrative inner wrap angle α₂ is in a range of about 0.3° to about 1.1°, though can be any angle required by the design.

Beneficially, the inner wrap angle α₂ on the side of the module 304 receiving the tape (leading edge) will be larger than the inner wrap angle α₃ on the trailing edge, as the tape 315 rides above the trailing module 306. This difference is generally beneficial as a smaller α₃ tends to oppose what has heretofore been a steeper exiting effective wrap angle.

Note that the tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the outer modules 302, 306 are positioned to achieve a negative wrap angle at the trailing edge 320 of the leading module 302. This is generally beneficial in helping to reduce friction due to contact with the trailing edge 320, provided that proper consideration is given to the location of the crowbar region that forms in the tape where it peels off the head. This negative wrap angle also reduces flutter and scrubbing damage to the elements on the leading module 302. Further, at the trailing module 306, the tape 315 flies over the tape bearing surface 312 so there is virtually no wear on the elements when tape is moving in this direction. Particularly, the tape 315 entrains air and so will not significantly ride on the tape bearing surface 312 of the third module 306 (some contact may occur). This is permissible, because the leading module 302 is writing while the trailing module 306 is idle.

Writing and reading functions are performed by different modules at any given time. In one approach, the second module 304 includes a plurality of data and optional servo readers 331 and no writers. The first and third modules 302, 306 include a plurality of writers 322 and no data readers, with the exception that the outer modules 302, 306 may include optional servo readers. The servo readers may be used to position the head during reading and/or writing operations. The servo reader(s) on each module are typically located towards the end of the array of readers or writers.

By having only readers or side by side writers and servo readers in the gap between the substrate and closure, the gap length can be substantially reduced. Typical heads have piggybacked readers and writers, where the writer is formed above each reader. A typical gap is 20-35 microns. However, irregularities on the tape may tend to droop into the gap and create gap erosion. Thus, the smaller the gap is the better. The smaller gap enabled herein exhibits fewer wear related problems.

In some approaches, the second module 304 has a closure, while the first and third modules 302, 306 do not have a closure. Where there is no closure, preferably a hard coating is added to the module. One preferred coating is diamond-like carbon (DLC).

In the approach shown in FIG. 5, the first, second, and third modules 302, 304, 306 each have a closure 332, 334, 336, which extends the tape bearing surface of the associated module, thereby effectively positioning the read/write elements away from the edge of the tape bearing surface. The closure 332 on the second module 304 can be a ceramic closure of a type typically found on tape heads. The closures 334, 336 of the first and third modules 302, 306, however, may be shorter than the closure 332 of the second module 304 as measured parallel to a direction of tape travel over the respective module. This enables positioning the modules closer together. One way to produce shorter closures 334, 336 is to lap the standard ceramic closures of the second module 304 an additional amount. Another way is to plate or deposit thin film closures above the elements during thin film processing. For example, a thin film closure of a hard material such as Sendust or nickel-iron alloy (e.g., 45/55) can be formed on the module.

With reduced-thickness ceramic or thin film closures 334, 336 or no closures on the outer modules 302, 306, the write-to-read gap spacing can be reduced to less than about 1 mm, e.g., about 0.75 mm, or 50% less than commonly-used linear tape open (LTO) tape head spacing. The open space between the modules 302, 304, 306 can still be set to approximately 0.5 to 0.6 mm, which in some approaches is ideal for stabilizing tape motion over the second module 304.

Depending on tape tension and stiffness, it may be desirable to angle the tape bearing surfaces of the outer modules relative to the tape bearing surface of the second module. FIG. 6 illustrates an approach where the modules 302, 304, 306 are in a tangent or nearly tangent (angled) configuration. Particularly, the tape bearing surfaces of the outer modules 302, 306 are about parallel to the tape at the desired wrap angle α₂ of the second module 304. In other words, the planes of the tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the outer modules 302, 306 are oriented at about the desired wrap angle α₂ of the tape 315 relative to the second module 304. The tape will also pop off of the trailing module 306 in this approach, thereby reducing wear on the elements in the trailing module 306. These approaches are particularly useful for write-read-write applications. Additional aspects of these approaches are similar to those given above.

Typically, the tape wrap angles may be set about midway between the approaches shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.

FIG. 7 illustrates an approach where the modules 302, 304, 306 are in an overwrap configuration. Particularly, the tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the outer modules 302, 306 are angled slightly more than the tape 315 when set at the desired wrap angle α₂ relative to the second module 304. In this approach, the tape does not pop off of the trailing module, allowing it to be used for writing or reading. Accordingly, the leading and middle modules can both perform reading and/or writing functions while the trailing module can read any just-written data. Thus, these approaches are preferred for write-read-write, read-write-read, and write-write-read applications. In the latter approaches, closures should be wider than the tape canopies for ensuring read capability. The wider closures may require a wider gap-to-gap separation. Therefore, a preferred approach has a write-read-write configuration, which may use shortened closures that thus allow closer gap-to-gap separation.

Additional aspects of the approaches shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are similar to those given above.

A 32 channel version of a multi-module tape head 126 may use cables 350 having leads on the same or smaller pitch as current 16 channel piggyback LTO modules, or alternatively the connections on the module may be organ-keyboarded for a 50% reduction in cable span. Over-under, writing pair unshielded cables may be used for the writers, which may have integrated servo readers.

The outer wrap angles α₁ may be set in the drive, such as by guides of any type known in the art, such as adjustable rollers, slides, etc. or alternatively by outriggers, which are integral to the head. For example, rollers having an offset axis may be used to set the wrap angles. The offset axis creates an orbital arc of rotation, allowing precise alignment of the wrap angle α₁.

To assemble any of the structures described above, conventional u-beam assembly can be used. Accordingly, the mass of the resultant head may be maintained or even reduced relative to heads of previous generations. In other approaches, the modules may be constructed as a unitary body. Those skilled in the art, armed with the present teachings, will appreciate that other known methods of manufacturing such heads may be adapted for use in constructing such heads. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, processes and materials of types known in the art may be adapted for use in various approaches in conformance with the teachings herein, as would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the present disclosure.

As a tape is run over a module, it is preferred that the tape passes sufficiently close to magnetic transducers on the module such that reading and/or writing is efficiently performed, e.g., with a low error rate. According to some approaches, tape tenting may be used to ensure the tape passes sufficiently close to the portion of the module having the magnetic transducers. To better understand this process, FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the principles of tape tenting. FIG. 8A shows a module 800 having an upper tape bearing surface 802 extending between opposite edges 804, 806. A stationary tape 808 is shown wrapping around the edges 804, 806. As shown, the bending stiffness of the tape 808 lifts the tape off of the tape bearing surface 802. Tape tension tends to flatten the tape profile, as shown in FIG. 8A. Where tape tension is minimal, the curvature of the tape is more parabolic than shown.

FIG. 8B depicts the tape 808 in motion. The leading edge, i.e., the first edge the tape encounters when moving, may serve to skive air from the tape, thereby creating a subambient air pressure between the tape 808 and the tape bearing surface 802. In FIG. 8B, the leading edge is the left edge and the right edge is the trailing edge when the tape is moving left to right. As a result, atmospheric pressure above the tape urges the tape toward the tape bearing surface 802, thereby creating tape tenting proximate each of the edges. The tape bending stiffness resists the effect of the atmospheric pressure, thereby causing the tape tenting proximate both the leading and trailing edges. Modeling predicts that the two tents are very similar in shape.

FIG. 8C depicts how the subambient pressure urges the tape 808 toward the tape bearing surface 802 even when a trailing guide 810 is positioned above the plane of the tape bearing surface.

It follows that tape tenting may be used to direct the path of a tape as it passes over a module. As previously mentioned, tape tenting may be used to ensure the tape passes sufficiently close to the portion of the module having the magnetic transducers, preferably such that reading and/or writing is efficiently performed, e.g., with a low error rate.

Magnetic tapes may be stored in tape cartridges that are, in turn, stored at storage slots or the like inside a data storage library. The tape cartridges may be stored in the library such that they are accessible for physical retrieval. In addition to magnetic tapes and tape cartridges, data storage libraries may include data storage drives that store data to, and/or retrieve data from, the magnetic tapes. Moreover, tape libraries and the components included therein may implement a file system which enables access to tape and data stored on the tape.

File systems may be used to control how data is stored in, and retrieved from, memory. Thus, a file system may include the processes and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files in memory, e.g., the way the files are organized in memory. Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is an exemplary format of a file system that may be implemented in a given library in order to enables access to compliant tapes. It should be appreciated that various approaches herein can be implemented with a wide range of file system formats, including for example IBM Spectrum Archive Library Edition (LTFS LE). However, to provide a context, and solely to assist the reader, some of the approaches below may be described with reference to LTFS which is a type of file system format. This has been done by way of example only, and should not be deemed limiting on the invention defined in the claims.

A tape cartridge may be “loaded” by inserting the cartridge into the tape drive, and the tape cartridge may be “unloaded” by removing the tape cartridge from the tape drive. Once loaded in a tape drive, the tape in the cartridge may be “threaded” through the drive by physically pulling the tape (the magnetic recording portion) from the tape cartridge, and passing it above a magnetic head of a tape drive. Furthermore, the tape may be attached on a take-up reel (e.g., see 121 of FIG. 1A above) to move the tape over the magnetic head.

Once threaded in the tape drive, the tape in the cartridge may be “mounted” by reading metadata on a tape and bringing the tape into a state where the LTFS is able to use the tape as a constituent component of a file system. Moreover, in order to “unmount” a tape, metadata is preferably first written on the tape (e.g., as an index), after which the tape may be removed from the state where the LTFS is allowed to use the tape as a constituent component of a file system. Finally, to “unthread” the tape, the tape is unattached from the take-up reel and is physically placed back into the inside of a tape cartridge again. The cartridge may remain loaded in the tape drive even after the tape has been unthreaded, e.g., waiting for another read and/or write request. However, in other instances, the tape cartridge may be unloaded from the tape drive upon the tape being unthreaded, e.g., as described above.

Magnetic tape is a sequential access medium. Thus, new data is written to the tape by appending the data at the end of previously written data. It follows that when data is recorded in a tape having only one partition, metadata (e.g., allocation information) is continuously appended to an end of the previously written data as it frequently updates and is accordingly rewritten to tape. As a result, the rearmost information is read when a tape is first mounted in order to access the most recent copy of the metadata corresponding to the tape. However, this introduces a considerable amount of delay in the process of mounting a given tape.

To overcome this delay caused by single partition tape mediums, the LTFS format includes a tape that is divided into two partitions, which include an index partition and a data partition. The index partition may be configured to record metadata (meta information), e.g., such as file allocation information (Index), while the data partition may be configured to record the body of the data, e.g., the data itself.

Looking to FIG. 9, a magnetic tape 900 having an index partition 902 and a data partition 904 is illustrated according to one approach. As shown, data files and indexes are stored on the tape. The LTFS format allows for index information to be recorded in the index partition 902 at the beginning of tape 906, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art upon reading the present description.

As index information is updated, it preferably overwrites the previous version of the index information, thereby allowing the currently updated index information to be accessible at the beginning of tape in the index partition. According to the specific example illustrated in FIG. 9, a most recent version of metadata Index 3 is recorded in the index partition 902 at the beginning of the tape 906. Conversely, all three version of metadata Index 1, Index 2, Index 3 as well as data File A, File B, File C, File D are recorded in the data partition 904 of the tape. Although Index 1 and Index 2 are old (e.g., outdated) indexes, because information is written to tape by appending it to the end of the previously written data as described above, these old indexes Index 1, Index 2 remain stored on the tape 900 in the data partition 904 without being overwritten.

The metadata may be updated in the index partition 902 and/or the data partition 904 the same or differently depending on the desired approach. According to some approaches, the metadata of the index and/or data partitions 902, 904 may be updated in response to the tape being unmounted, e.g., such that the index may be read quickly from the index partition when that tape is mounted again. The metadata is preferably also written in the data partition 904 so the tape may be mounted using the metadata recorded in the data partition 904, e.g., as a backup option.

According to one example, which is no way intended to limit the invention, LTFS LE may be used to provide the functionality of writing an index in the data partition when a user explicitly instructs the system to do so, or at a time designated by a predetermined period which may be set by the user, e.g., such that data loss in the event of sudden power stoppage can be mitigated.

Conventional TMR structures have been developed strictly for non-contact recording, such as hard disk drive (HDD) recording. Because the head in non-contact recording flies above the medium, there is no need for robustness. However, conventional TMR structures pose a serious problem when implemented in contact recording environments, such as tape recording environments. Namely, contact between the magnetic medium and the sensor structure during contact recording may deform the sensor layers and/or lead structures, effectively smearing the material of each of these layers across the media facing side of the sensor structure, and thereby resulting in electrical shorting of the TMR device, which implements a parasitic current perpendicular to the plane (CPP) configuration. Once the device has been electrically shorted, it may be rendered useless.

Moreover, during the lapping that is performed to define the media-facing surface and establish the sensor stripe height, materials may smear, resulting in electrical shorts that significantly alter the performance of the finished head.

Materials, such as nickel-chrome alloys, used in the non-magnetic portion of the TMR sensor gap, have led to shorting. Attempts to alleviate shorting in such conventional devices have resulted in diminished signal output and/or resulted in otherwise non-optimal performance, ultimately leading to higher error rates, loss of throughput, and/or loss of capacity, all of which are highly undesirable.

For current-in-plane (CIP) devices such as AMR and GMR sensors, pre-recession processing selectively etches the magnetic shields, thus facilitating formation of protective insulating ‘walls’ that inhibit shorting due to tape-head contact. However, many CPP TMR sensors have no insulating films in the sensor stack itself, apart from the tunnel barrier, to allow this coating methodology to work. Thus, while effective for AMR and GMR sensors, these methods may not adequately protect against shorting for TMR sensors when implemented in contact recording environments.

One approach for avoiding the aforementioned shorting problems for TMR sensors includes improving the robustness of the media facing interface by placing one or more layers of refractory metals in the gap between the active TMR region and one or both shields, thereby resulting in increased immunity to electrical shorting of the sensor and/or its leads. Such improved media interface may be achieved through wafer level solutions, while in other approaches, the improved media interface may result from a post wafer solution, as will be described in detail below.

However, the inventors have recently discovered that the seed layers for such refractory metal layers maybe susceptible to corrosion. The corroded portion of the seed layer is nonconductive, thereby forming an electrically insulative barrier to current passing therethrough. This in turn results in diminished signal from the sensor.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the inventors have found that in some instances, fluorine contamination on the tape bearing surface is implicated in seed layer corrosion. It is theorized that fluorine, perhaps in conjunction with humidity or other environmental catalyst, initiates corrosion by forming corrosion pathways through the head coating at the tape bearing surface. Once the corrosion starts, it tends to propagate quickly along the stripe height of the seed layer, often reaching the entire layer.

Attempts to prevent such corrosion have included formation of an overcoat on the tape bearing surface. However, this approach has not been 100% successful. Again, without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the fluorine may travel through tiny apertures in the overcoat and/or creates its own channel through the overcoat. It is also believed that moisture may travel through the channels, enabling corrosion.

Various inventive approaches presented herein provide new structures that reduce or eliminate the corrosion problem.

Looking to FIGS. 10A-10B, an apparatus 1000 is illustrated, in accordance with one approach. As an option, the present apparatus 1000 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other approach listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, however, such apparatus 1000 and others presented herein may be used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative approaches listed herein. Further, the apparatus 1000 presented herein may be used in any desired environment. Thus FIGS. 10A-10B (and the other FIGS.) should be deemed to include any and all possible permutations.

The apparatus 1000 includes a sensor 1002 having a media facing side 1003, and an active TMR region 1004. The sensor 1002 also includes magnetic shields 1006 and 1008 flanking (sandwiching) the TMR region 1004, and electrically conductive, non-magnetic gaps 1010, 1012 between the TMR region 1004 and the magnetic shields 1006, 1008. Except as otherwise described herein, the various components of the apparatus of FIGS. 10A-10B may be of conventional materials and designs, as would be understood by one skilled in the art.

The apparatus 1000 may also include overcoat layer 1026 and undercoat layer 1024, which may have any conventional construction, e.g., may include an alumina material, a conventional cap layer material such as tantalum, etc.

Furthermore, the active TMR region 1004 includes a free layer 1014, a tunnel barrier layer 1016 and a reference layer 1018. According to various aspects, the free layer 1014, the tunnel barrier layer 1016 and/or the reference layer 1018 may include construction parameters, e.g., materials, dimensions, properties, etc., according to any of the approaches described herein, and/or conventional construction parameters, depending on the desired approach. Illustrative materials for the tunnel barrier layer 1016 include amorphous and/or crystalline forms of, but are not limited to, TiOx, MgO and Al₂O₃.

An insulating layer 1032 may be interposed between hard bias layers 1030 and the active TMR region 1004 to prevent parasitic current flow parallel to current flow through the sensor.

With continued reference to FIGS. 10A-10B, at least one of the gaps 1010, 1012 preferably includes an electrically conductive layer 1015,1017, which layer includes a refractory material formed above a seed layer 1011, 1013 specifically configured to resist corrosion due to fluorine contamination.

It should be noted that the gaps 1010, 1012 shown in the figures are representational, and do not depict the various potential layers therein that may cumulatively form the gaps 1010, 1012 according to various approaches. Thus, according to some approaches, one or both of the gaps 1010, 1012 may include layers in addition to the electrically conductive layer, including, but not limited to nonmagnetic spacer layers, antiferromagnetic layers, etc. A seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 is disposed between the refractory material and a surface underlying the refractory material in one or both gaps 1010, 1012.

Illustrative materials for the refractory material include metals, e.g., titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, titanium-tungsten, tungsten carbide, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, etc., and/or alloys thereof. However, in other approaches, the refractory material may include, but is not limited to, an electrically conductive oxide, a conductive nitride, and/or a conductive carbide. Further still, according to an illustrative approach, the refractory material may include a non-annealed sendust. Sendust composition is typically 85 at % iron, 9 at % silicon and 6 at % aluminum, but the ratios of the components may vary from these general concentrations.

An exemplary refractory material is iridium. Iridium provides a low resistance and mechanically stable film. Moreover, iridium is able to withstand the passage of tape thereover at the tape bearing surface. Additionally, iridium has low corrosivity and good thermal conductivity. However, a seed layer is needed to promote adhesion of the iridium, which is notoriously non-adhesive. A known seed layer is chromium. The inventors have found that in some instances a thin chromium seed layer may oxidize at the tape bearing surface, particularly in the presence of fluorine. This appears to be more likely to occur after significant tape running, e.g. 100s of hours, and when the drive is subsequently powered down, thus disabling standby biasing, which is used to help prevent condensation. In addition, humidity in the environment plays a role. Chromium oxidation tends to propagate along the length of encapsulated thin films, such as the seed layer. Oxidized chromium is insulative and thus may block the flow of current through the sensor, resulting in high resistance and low or no output.

The seed layer corrosion problem extends to use of seed layers with other refractory materials.

Accordingly, the seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 used in the present configuration is specially configured to avoid corrosion thereof. Preferably, the refractory material is formed directly on the seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 so that the seed layer functions as an adhesion layer for adhering the refractory material to the underlying structure.

In one approach, the seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 includes a chromium alloy. For example, the seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 may include chromium alloyed with another element such as nickel and/or molybdenum. In one aspect, the seed layer includes 40-90 atomic percent (at %) nickel and 10-60 at % chromium, and preferably approximately 75-85 at % nickel with approximately 15-25 at % chromium. In another aspect, the seed layer includes 40-90 at % molybdenum and 10-60 at % chromium.

In one approach, the seed layer 1011 and/or 1013 includes a refractory metal. Preferably, the seed layer is predominantly a refractory metal, e.g., greater than 50 at %.

Note that where a seed layer 1011, 1013 is present in each gap 1010, 1012, the seed layers may have the same composition as one another, or have different compositions.

Preferred thicknesses for the seed layers 1011, 1013 is less than about 10 nm, and preferably between about 3 nm and about 7 nm.

Depending on the desired approach, the electrically conductive layer 1015 and/or 1017 may be formed using a single refractory material; however, in other approaches, the electrically conductive layer may have a layered structure. Thus, an electrically conductive layer may be formed from a number of sublayers, each of which may include a different refractory material according to any of those listed herein.

The layer of refractory material may be mechanically mismatched to the adjacent layers. For example, they may have different stress levels, which may affect adhesion. Accordingly, an adhesion layer may be employed to promote adhesion of the layer of refractory material to another layer in the structure. Conventional adhesion layers may be used. Examples include silicon nitride, Ta, Cr, Si, etc.

Another example of a mismatch could be related to the internal stress of the refractory material layer. The stress can be modified to some extent by controlling process conditions such as pressure, temperature, rate of deposition, etc. and/or inclusion of other materials that serve to reduce or otherwise alter the internal stress.

Furthermore, another consideration for the refractory material layer relates to the surface roughness of the final film, especially for such layer under the active TMR region. A processing step may be performed to reduce surface roughness, such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), etching or other surface treatment. Alternatively, the processing conditions for the refractory material layer can be tailored to minimize roughness. Controlling surface roughness of the lower refractory material layer may help maintain the integrity of the tunnel barrier layer.

Illustrative thicknesses for the gaps 1010, 1012 and/or layer of refractory material therein may be from 10-70 nm per film, but could be higher or lower.

FIG. 11 depicts an apparatus 1100 that is a variation of the approach of FIGS. 10A-10B, in accordance with one approach. As an option, the present apparatus 1100 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other approach listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, however, such apparatus 1100 and others presented herein may be used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative approaches listed herein. Further, the apparatus 1100 presented herein may be used in any desired environment. Thus FIG. 11 (and the other FIGS.) should be deemed to include any and all possible permutations.

As shown, the apparatus 1100 may further include a durable layer 1022 above an upper one of the magnetic shields 1008. In other approaches, a durable layer 1025 may additionally and/or alternatively be positioned below a lower one of the magnetic shields 1006. The durable layer(s) 1022, 1025 may include a second refractory material and may be formed on a seed layer 1027 preferably of a chromium alloy. According to various approaches, the second refractory material in such layer(s) may be the same as, or different than, the refractory material of the electrically conductive layer between the shields as described above. In other approaches, the durable layer(s) 1022, 1025 may include a ferromagnetic layer of any suitable material, such as 45/55 NiFe. Thus, the durable layer(s) 1022, 1025 may provide a wear support structure, which desirably allows for an improved resistance to wear experienced on a media facing side of the sensor 1002.

Moreover, although an electrically insulating separation layer 1020 is shown in the present approach, e.g., to separate the durable layer 1022 from the shield 1008, in some approaches, the insulating layer 1020 may be omitted from the apparatus 1100. Furthermore, the separation layer may be electrically connected to shield 1008 or other structure, such as a substrate or closure, or voltage or current source.

Note that while much of the present description is presented in terms of a data transducer, the teachings herein may be applied to create electronic lapping guides (ELGs), such as TMR ELGs. In one approach, the ELG is unconventionally formed with shields, and with a TMR structure that may be otherwise conventional, but modified as taught herein. This provides enhanced immunity to shunting caused by scratching during lapping, which was previously not possible due to smearing of the shield material during lapping.

Although the approaches of FIGS. 10A and 11 illustrate a single sensor 1002, according to various other approaches, an apparatus may include an array of the sensors sharing a common media-facing surface. Depending on the desired configuration, the array of sensors may include any of the designs, e.g., materials, layer combinations, etc., described above.

Moreover, for approaches including an array of the sensors sharing a common media-facing surface, the sensors may include any of those described herein, e.g., data readers, data writers, servo readers, etc. However, according to an exemplary approach, which is in no way intended to limit the invention, an array of sensors sharing a common media-facing surface may include only readers. In other words, no writers would be present on the common media-facing surface of the array of sensors. For example, there may be no writers on the module at all, e.g., see 254 of FIG. 3 and 252, 256 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 12 depicts an apparatus 1200 that is a variation of the apparatus of FIG. 11, in accordance with one approach. As an option, the present apparatus 1200 may be implemented in conjunction with features from any other approach listed herein, such as those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course, however, such apparatus 1200 and others presented herein may be used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or may not be specifically described in the illustrative approaches listed herein. Further, the apparatus 1200 presented herein may be used in any desired environment. Thus FIG. 12 (and the other FIGS.) should be deemed to include any and all possible permutations.

In other approaches, an electrically conductive layer of at least one of the gaps 1010, 1012 and/or durable layers 1022, 1025 may have a modified region 1034 at a media facing side thereof, e.g., such that the modified region 1034 is at least one of nonconductive (e.g., electrically insulating) and mechanically hardened, where a mechanically hardened modified region is physically harder and/or less ductile than the unmodified region of the layer. Thus, the nonconductive modified region 1034 is preferably able to prevent shorting caused by a magnetic medium coming into contact with the media facing side of the sensor stack while the magnetic medium is being passed thereover.

In one approach, the modified region may be an oxidized portion of the electrically conductive layer. In another approach, the modified region may be otherwise reacted by methods known in the art to alter surface characteristics such as by introduction of defects, which generally have less shorting propensity. The process of forming the modified region may include applying a surface treatment to the media facing side of the sensor 1002, thereby preferably affecting the properties thereof. Thus, according to an exemplary approach, the electrically conductive layer may include aluminum, while the modified region includes aluminum oxide, e.g., crystalline aluminum oxide. Moreover, according to another illustrative approach, the electrically conductive layer may include magnesium or a magnesium aluminum alloy, while the modified region may include crystalline magnesium oxide.

Such oxide portions may be formed by depositing or otherwise promoting the formation of the oxide portion. In one example, the portion may be oxidized, followed by ion bombardment to promote conversion to crystalline form.

In other approaches, the modified region may be formed by performing surface etching processes and/or milling processes. The process may non-selectively remove non-gap metals that have an equal or lower removal rate than a refractory metal layer of the gap 1010, 1012.

It follows that such etching and/or milling processes may have an about equal or lower removal rate for one or more of the gaps 1010, 1012 that may include a refractory material therein. Moreover, these processes may additionally have a lower removal rate for the insulation gap between hard bias magnets and TMR stack and shields.

In some approaches the hard bias magnets, typically comprised of cobalt, platinum and chrome, etch at a rate equal to or greater than the other metals in the transducer structure.

By including at least one electrically conductive layer having a refractory material, the sensor 1002 as described herein gains low resistivity, low plasticity, low ductility, and high overall wear characteristics. It follows that by implementing such refractory materials as described above, the various approaches of the present invention are able to successfully implement TMR sensors in contact recording environments.

Conventional techniques may be used to form any of the structures described herein, as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art after being apprised of the present descriptions. For example, a method for creating the apparatus 1000 of FIG. 10 may include forming a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields. The active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer. Forming at least one of the gaps includes: forming a seed layer of a chromium alloy (or other material described herein as suitable for a seed layer), and forming an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material on the seed layer. Preferably, both gaps are formed to include seed layers and the respective electrically conductive layer formed thereon.

Advantages of the novel seed layers presented herein include low corrosion susceptibility and similar stoichiometry to permalloy, thus providing a compatible surface for sputtered refractory materials, such as iridium.

It will be clear that the various features of the foregoing systems and/or methodologies may be combined in any way, creating a plurality of combinations from the descriptions presented above.

It will be further appreciated that approaches of the present invention may be provided in the form of a service deployed on behalf of a customer.

While various approaches have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of an embodiment of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary approaches, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields, wherein the active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer, wherein at least one of the gaps includes a first seed layer of a chromium alloy and an electrically conductive layer having a first refractory material formed on the first seed layer; and a layer of a second refractory material above an upper one of the magnetic shields and/or below a lower one of the magnetic shields formed on a second seed layer of a chromium alloy.
 2. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the sensor is one sensor in an array of like sensors sharing a common media-facing surface.
 3. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive layer is formed directly on the first seed layer.
 4. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the first refractory material includes a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, titanium-tungsten, tungsten carbide, tantalum, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium, and alloys thereof.
 5. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the first refractory material is selected from the group consisting of conductive oxide, a conductive nitride and a conductive carbide.
 6. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the first seed layer includes nickel.
 7. An apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the first seed layer includes 40-90 at % nickel and 10-60 at % chromium.
 8. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the first seed layer includes molybdenum.
 9. An apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein the first seed layer includes more than one layer.
 10. An apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising: a drive mechanism for passing a magnetic medium over the sensor; and a controller electrically coupled to the sensor.
 11. An apparatus, comprising: a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields, wherein the active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer, wherein at least one of the gaps includes a first seed layer comprising a first refractory material and an electrically conductive layer having a second refractory material formed on the first seed layer; and a layer of a third refractory material above an upper one of the magnetic shields and/or below a lower one of the magnetic shields formed on a second seed layer of a chromium alloy.
 12. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the first seed layer is predominantly a refractory metal.
 13. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the sensor is a sensor in an array of like sensors sharing a common media-facing surface.
 14. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the electrically conductive layer is formed directly on the first seed layer.
 15. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein one of the refractory materials in the gap includes a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, titanium-tungsten, tungsten carbide, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium, and alloys thereof.
 16. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein one of the refractory materials in the gap is selected from the group consisting of conductive oxide, a conductive nitride and a conductive carbide.
 17. An apparatus as recited in claim 11, further comprising: a drive mechanism for passing a magnetic medium over the sensor; and a controller electrically coupled to the sensor.
 18. A method, comprising: forming a sensor having an active tunnel magnetoresistive region, magnetic shields flanking the active tunnel magnetoresistive region, and gaps between the active tunnel magnetoresistive region and the magnetic shields, wherein the active tunnel magnetoresistive region includes a free layer, a tunnel barrier layer and a reference layer, wherein forming at least one of the gaps includes: forming a first seed layer of a chromium alloy, and forming an electrically conductive layer having a refractory material on the first seed layer; and forming a layer of a second refractory material above an upper one of the magnetic shields and/or below a lower one of the magnetic shields formed on a second seed layer of a chromium alloy.
 19. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein both gaps are formed to include the first seed layer of a chromium alloy and the electrically conductive layer formed directly thereon. 